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Tr@nsit Online

Tr@nsit was the online sister journal of Transit, published until 2017. Here, authors, fellows and friends of the IWM offered further articles, reflections and comments related to ongoing research and debates at the Institute.

Europe and Ethics

Author: Romano Prodi
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Romano Prodi's keynote explains why, in his opinion, we should not attempt to divorce the exercise of political power from questions of morality.

Catholic Poland in Post-Christian Europe

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Although we are accustomed to think of European Christianity as a 2000 year old civilization, it was only around the year 1000 that the map of European Christendom became more or less crystallized. Sociologically speaking the core institutions and social forms of Western European Christendom are 1000 years old: the first 500 years as Medieval Latin Christendom and the next 500 years as modern Western Christianity in its post-Reformation multi-denominational forms and in its expanded Western colonial and post-colonial forms. Although one could arguably go back to the alliance between the Carolingian dynasty and the Bishops of Rome, the core of Western Christendom, the Holy Roman Empire with the Papacy as its spiritual head, was established definitively in 962 with the coronation of Otto I, and its internal and external boundaries became fixed around the same time, with the conversion of Norse and Vikings, Magyars, and Western and Eastern Slavs and with the consolidation of the schism between Eastern and Western Christianity in 1054.
Transit 25

Das katholische Polen im nachchristlichen Europa

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Gemeinhin stellen wir uns das europäische Christentum als eine 2000 Jahre alte Kultur vor, tatsächlich aber nahm die Verbreitungskarte der europäischen Christenheit erst um 1000 n. Chr. feste Konturen an. Soziologisch gesehen sind die Schlüsselinstitutionen und gesellschaftlichen Organisationsformen der Christenheit des westlichen Europa nicht älter als 1000 Jahre: 500 Jahre gehörten dabei dem lateinischen Christentum des Mittelalters und die folgenden 500 Jahre der neuzeitlichen westlichen Christenheit in ihrer nachreformatorischen Konfessionsvielfalt und in ihren erweiterten kolonialen und postkolonialen Ausprägungen. Auch wenn man vielleicht bis zu dem Bündnis zwischen der karolingischen Dynastie und den Bischöfen von Rom zurückgehen könnte, fällt die definitive Etablierung des Heiligen Römischen Reiches mit dem Papst als spirituellem Oberhaupt in das Jahr 962, als Otto I. gekrönt wurde; die Fixierung der inneren und äußeren Grenzen fällt etwa in die gleiche Zeit und ist geknüpft an die Bekehrung der Skandinavier und Wikinger, der Ungarn und der westlichen und östlichen Slawen sowie an die Besiegelung des Schismas zwischen Ost- und Westkirche im Jahre 1054.

Tchèques, Allemands, Autrichiens: la gestion d’un passé douloureux

Author: Muriel Blaive
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Commentaire sur Jacques Rupnik, “Das andere Mitteleuropa: Die neuen Populismen und die Politik mit der Vergangenheit” (Transit 23)

Politika vyrovnávání s komunistickou minulostí Česká zkušenost

Author: Jacques Rupnik
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V jedné ze svých povídek píše Luis Borges o ptáku, jenž se vydal na cestu s očima upřenýma nazpět. Tato metafora se hodí pro středoevropské země, které se vydávají cestou přechodu vstříc demokratické budoucnosti, a zároveň upírají pohled zpět na svou minulost. Jakýkoli nový politický řád, který střídá diktaturu, je postaven před množství klíčových rozhodnutí týkajících se dědictví minulosti.

The Reasons for the Current Upsurge in Memory

Author: Pierre Nora
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We are witnessing a world-wide upsurge in memory. Over the last twenty or twenty-five years, every country, every social, ethnic or family group, has undergone a profound change in the relationship it traditionally enjoyed with the past.

Két Ukrajna Miért bizonytalanok az ukránok?

Author: Mykola Riabchuk (translated by Nagy Mónika Zsuzsanna)
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Dolgozatom célja, hogy a ketto”sséget mint az ukrán társadalom és politika fontos jellemzo”jét bemutassam. Jóllehet a ketto”sség szinte mindegyik poszt-kommunista országra jellemzo”, Ukrajna jelenlegi (alul)fejlettségében meghatározó a szerepe. A ketto”sség részint Ukrajna területi, kulturális és nyelvi megosztottságából, részint viszont a szovjet totalitarizmus által az ukrán társadalomra gyakorolt atomizáló hatásból fakad. Az ukrán függetlenség elso” évtizedében nemhogy nem sikerült legyu”rni e makacs örökséget, hanem épp ellenkezo”leg, a jelenleg hatalmon lévo” poszt-szovjet elit, mint politikai túlélésének szükséges, ha nem is elégséges feltételét szándékosan fenntartotta azt. A 2002. márciusi ukrán választásokat a manipuláció szemléletes példájának tartom, noha következményei a rezsim szempontjából nem feltétlenül kedvezo”ek. A születo”ben lévo” ukrán civil társadalom, ha mégoly gyönge is, kello”képpen rugalmas, és általa van némi esélye Ukrajnának, hogy a poszt-szovjet ketto”sséget demokratikus pluralizmussá, majd remélheto”leg egységgé változtassa.

Shared Memory. Buchenwald and Beyond.

Author: Claus Leggewie, Erik Meyer
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One could say that Germans have “difficulties” with their past. Posthumous generations have started to accept collective responsibility for the moral, political, and financial consequences of the “Third Reich”. Therefore, younger age groups still see National Socialism (and not the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989) as the central historical event. German unification, rejected by some as an imaginary “penance for Auschwitz”, led to a follow-up problem called the “second past”: How are crimes committed by the SED-dictatorship to be dealt with?

Les nouvelles technologies

Author: Michel Serres
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Notre corps écoute, crie et se souvient. Bactéries, algues, champignons, plantes et animaux signalent, de même, leur présence et perçoivent l’environnement, chacun à sa façon; sans des échanges d’énergie, certes, mais d’information aussi, nul organisme ne survivrait. Avant de se faire humaine, la communication caractérise le vivant comme système ouvert: les cellules communiquent entre elles dans les corps autant que ceux-ci entre eux parmi leur niche écologique. A petite échelle, les réactions chimiques, et dans les grandes, les orages et les galaxies, échangent encore de l’énergie et de l’information, au sein de la matière inerte.

Hot Memory … Cold Memory. On the Political Half-Life of Fascist and Communist Memory.

Author: Charles S. Maier
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Why does the black book of Nazism remain, in the consciousness of so many of those preoccupied by the history of the twentieth century, blacker than than the black book of Communism? And what does that difference in intensity say about the two sorts of historical memory?

The Politics of Coming to Terms with the Communist Past. The Czech Case in Central European Perspective

Author: Jacques Rupnik
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In one of his short stories Borges writes about a “bird setting off to fly with its eyes behind its head”. It is a fitting metaphor for the countries of Central Europe, embarking on a transition towards a democratic future while looking backwards to their past. Any new political order after a dictatorship is confronted with crucial choices concerning the legacy of the old. Should it draw a “thick line” under the past, even at the cost of ignoring the quest for justice? Should it settle accounts with the representatives of the old regime rather than facing up first of all to the tasks of the future. Is retroactive justice a threat to the rule of law and to political stability ? Or is a clear break with the institutions and personnel associated with the past regime a pre-condition for a successful consolidation of democracy?

Politics of Memory and Urban Landscape: The Case of Lviv after World War II [1]

Author: Viktoria Sereda
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Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg, Lvov)—an East European city, located in the Polish-Ukrainian border zone, recently attracted the attention of many scholars. Its history and cultural heritage is an interesting source for studying cross-cultural influences and identity contests, politics of memory, processes of nationalization of urban space, as well as its symbolic marking.